7. What Would You Recommend to the Ceo Given Your Analysis of His Approach Thus Far?

Important Course Information Course Overview Throughout this course you will assume the role of a management consultant hired by a variety of clients. Each individual or group project you undertake will present a different management or leadership challenge. These projects will give you an opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of modern leadership issues and apply ethical theories and reasoning skills to business situations. General Project Deliverable Guidelines As a management consultant you make a living by providing management advice to senior level managers with regard to management problems that they are experiencing within their organization. Your role is to analyze the situation and then apply your experience, general business knowledge, and sound management principles and theories, to produce a report or other deliverable on the subject for the senior manager. Your recommendations are important, but equally important is your justification for those recommendations. The justification must convince the manager that your advice is worth the price he or she paid for it. The manager should feel confident that you have arrived at the correct conclusions and that your conclusions are well supported by good judgment and competent authority in the subject. Your goal is to produce results that will strengthen your reputation as a management consultant and encourage the manager to hire you in the future for other projects. Leadership Challenge: Selecting Team Members The leader of your client organization has observed a lack of flexibility and a slow decision-making process in many of the departments. He believes that he is not serving his customers well, and has decided to move to a team environment and to push many of the decisions to the lowest possible levels. In other words, he wants to create a team-based, empowered organization. Several of his best managers are resisting the idea strongly. They not only feel that many employees are not ready for the change, but they also believe that they personally could never change from a â€Å"command and control† style to allowing more participation (Nahavandi, 2006, p. 54). Your client has asked you to prepare a report in which you address the following questions: 1. How should the leader deal with the situation? 2. How are leading and managing different? 3. Is the CEO trying to lead or manage this change initiative? 4. What arguments can he use to persuade his managers? 5. What can he do to help his managers change their style? 6. What are the implications of his actions and decisions? 7. What would you recommend to the CEO given  your analysis of his approach thus far? Use the Library or other Web resources to support your argument. Be sure to cite your sources using APA Style 6th edition guidelines. Your report MUST include a reference list. All research should be cited in the body of the paper. Discussion  Board essays and  Individual Projects  without references and citations may not earn any higher grade than a ‘C' letter grade. Your report should contain an abstract, a short introduction, and conclusion in addition to the body of the paper. Please note that if you have a source in your reference section, you need to cite it in the body of the paper per APA guidelines and vice-versa. Please submit your assignment as a Word document in APA Style 6th edition format. Objective: The Objective of the Unit  1 IP Assignment will involve the following the Course Outcomes and Grading Criteria with their respective percentages for the Grading Rubric: 1. Compare and contrast leadership and management, and understand their similarities and differences as well as the ethical challenges that managers face. (40%) 2. Discuss and explain when and why participation should be used to improve leadership effectiveness. (40%) 3. Apply critical thinking skills to analyze business situations. (20%) Nahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Please submit your assignment.

The Role of Culture in International Management

‘One of the most important rules to remember when working within a multi-national organization is that there is not necessarily one right way of doing things,'says Professor Geert Hofstede With developing globalization of business across the world, the ability of employees to work effectively and efficiently has become increasingly important to the entities success. Cross-cultural understanding by individuals and the organization as a whole serves to eliminate misunderstandings that could harm the business and maximize the best attribute each individual has to offer. Effective international managers are those with the wisdom to seek competitive edge through intercultural training, gaining a complete understanding of their global markets so they can plan and execute accordingly. in addition the new, globalized, borderless economy is facing international managers. The premise has changed from unlimited growth to uncertainty and caution, but importantly, the premise of opportunity in global business remains unchanged. The uncertain economy and increasing geopolitical complexity simply levels the playing field for managers around the world. How managers respond, how they manage and turn the increasing threats into opportunities, becomes vital to success in today's environment. Now, more than ever, all students must recognize that they will have the qualifier â€Å"international† in front of whatever their chosen career field. The whole world is now connected electronically and psychologically; it is hard to imagine any business or nonbusiness organization that is not directly affected by globalization. The challenge in the uncertain global economy is to learn and effectively practice international management. Those with the knowledge and skills to apply on international management will be taking a big step toward gaining a competitive advantage in today's uncertain, unprecedented environment.

Deadly Unna Summary

Blacky is a gutless wonder? Deadly Unna? Essay Gary Black, also know as Blacky lives near the coast of South Australia with an extended family of eight siblings. His father, Bob Black, believes Blacky is a ‘gutless wonder’, consequently that leads Blacky in believing his father and is not able to show confidence in his self. Despite what he believes, his actions don’t always show his gutless. ‘My own son a gutless wonder’ Bob Black’s thoughts on his son puts a strain in their relation, causing them to have disrespect for one another.Bob’s thoughts also let Blacky to believe his gutless, in all, Blacky really gets frustrated, affecting his confidence and believe towards him self. ‘The old man is right, I’m a gutless f****** wonder’ Blacky continuously tries to prove to his father and him self that his not a ‘gutless wonder’ because that was the worst anyone could be in his town. ‘I really wanted him to go to the grand final. I don’t know why maybe I wanted to show him that I wasn’t so gutless’ though, it was hard for Blacky to prove him self when his father wasn’t around ‘Except for the old man, of course. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead†As usual the was down at the pub’ Blacky’s father never got involved in Blacky’s live and never shown any interest ether ‘The old man wasn’t too interested in footy. The only advice he gave me was, make sure you come off the ground exhausted’, furthermore he forgets his sons age, ‘I’m fourteen’ ‘That’s what I said, isn’t it? ’ Despite the negativity Blacky was surrounded in he could still find a way to stand up for him self, even though he didn’t know it.A number of times, Blacky thought that he couldn’t do something, what ever the situation might be, but at the same time he didn’t let his fear over take him, showing great confidence that grown as time went on. One Example was at his footy grand final at Wangaroo, Thumper’s home ground. At first Blacky thought he couldn’t do it although he also didn ’t want to let the team down and more importantly him self. In the end Blacky didn’t run away and remained on the filed, helping the team to win the grand finale and getting the tackle from thumper, which showed loyalty for his team and huge courage.While going to footy training, Blacky also gained a great friendship with an aborigine called Dumby Red. At first, Blacky knew that they won’t destine to be friends because the Aborigines, also known as the Nungas and the Europeans, Goonyas were separate from each other. Blacky lived in the Port and Dumby lived in the Point. Both Dumby and Blacky didn’t have a lot in common and won’t expect to because the town was racist about the two different cultural believes. Although they were a lot different, Dumby didn’t care and became great friends with Blacky. More Summary of Devil at My HeelsAs their friendships grow, Blacky’s views towards the racism of the aborigines changed and didn’t fill comfortable about the racism by the locals. Blacky starts to see his town through different eyes and starts questioning some of the things he uses to accept, like racism jokes, exclusions and stereotyping. Even though, in Blacky’s town not many Goonyas were friends with Nungas, Blacky didn’t care what others thought about him having a friend with an aborigine, their friendship built in the gap that he had between the Nungas and the Goonyas.Many people in Blacky’s town were involved in racism, but hardly anyone tried to fix it. It took great courage to accept that he was wrong about racism and don’t care to be mates with Dumby, furthermore trying to help the town see his way. That had shown a lot of guts. Every one in Blacky town was involved in racism, but because the lack of people wanting to change it was h ard for anyone in fixing it, though that didn’t stop him in trying.Blacky particularly felt guilty about the graffiti around his town ‘BOONGS PISS OFF’ and because he was a great friends with Dumby, he didn’t fill comfortable that the graffiti was there and wanted to fix the problem ‘I’m getting more and more ashamed’ Blacky realized he shouldn’t wait for someone else to paint over the graffiti and should do it him self. Blacky risked in fixing the relation with his father by getting his best paints and brushes to paint over the graffiti, which took a lot of guts if you wore afraid of your father.After Dumby pasted away in a shooting, Blacky was devastated and felt really low, so he wanted do some thing to remember Dumby which took great courage to ask people to remember some one who they wore racist to. In the end Blacky found him self surprised and disappointed that know one wanted to help him remember his best mate Dumby, they wore ether to afraid of the aborigine’s reaction if the they went to Dumby’s funeral ‘But I don’t think you’d be welcome.It’s for people out there at the point. It’s their business, not ours’ or they didn’t care. Despite people thoughts to Blacky’s idea that wasn’t enough to change his mind. Blacky rejected Cathy’s invitation to her go way party, which took huge amount of guts because he really liked her and he also rejected his father’s fishing trip, were Bob Black gave his son another chance going fishing with him. Blacky was finally going to do what he thought was right. ‘I didn’t care what anyone said.Tomorrow I was going to Dumby’s funeral’ and it took huge amounts of courage for a Goonya to go in Nungas territory, were Dumby was buried ‘The point Aboriginal reserve- No entry without prior permission’ At the beginning of the chapter Blacky was afrai d of his father because he was unpredictable, for instance when they went fishing, one minute he was all calm the next he would be frustrated and yelling at Blacky. Consequently, Blacky chanced his thoughts about his father and stood up to him when he yelled at ‘you’re trying to kill us!You hate us’ but then his father banned him for ever going fishing with him and that he was a ‘gutless wonder’ Though when he was given another chance to go fishing with him, Blacky rejected his invitation and went to Dumby’s funeral, where he believed he had to go and pay respects to his mate, making a courageous decision. Blacky also took his fathers best paintbrushes and paints to paint over the racist graffiti, even though he was afraid of his father and knowing he treasured his paints and brushes.Has time past he wasn’t afraid to tell his father what he thought and believed, showing great strength within. As you progresses through the story Deadly U nna? You find Blacky leaning to standing up for him self through out the year, instead of standing on the sidelines. After becoming great mates with Dumby, which is another courageous thing to do when the Nungas and the Goonyas are racist towards each other, Blacky begins to see his town through different eyes and start questioning what he use to accept as funny jokes. Blacky realizes that he houldn’t sit and wait for others to do his work. He finds him self standing up to his father so he could do something thing about the racism towards the Nungas by erasing the racist graffiti in town. Blacky shows great amounts of courage by not caring about being friends with an aborigine and great amount of guts in going through town and see if anyone wants to help him in doing something to remember Dumby, after his mate got shot and despite all the rejection from every one else he still went to Nungas territory for Dumby’s funeral.So, according to Blacky’s actions and per sistence through out the book he shows more guts then any one, even though if he didn’t know it at the start. Do you think anyone knows if their courageous in the beginning? I think a person has gut and is courageous when they do what’s right, something that Blacky had done through out the book. The novel has a lot of racism in it. Many people are involved in racism, but hardly anyone tries to mend it. Gary knows racism is around, but because of the lack of anyone wanting to change it, he finds it difficult to mend it.Dumby also tries to fix it from his point of view. The Aboriginal community also doesn’t want to fix the problem. Gary and Dumby’s family try to make changes but they are not on a very large scale. Most of the adults are racist. Not all of them know that they are racist; the only one mentioned was Darcy, because he says that they are all sluts with the clap. The butcher that wrote the racist graffiti on the wall is definitely racist, and Gar y knows that he is racist. Racism takes many from in the story; five aspects in the novel are racial jokes, racial abuse, racist people, exclusion and stereotypes.

Local Development Frameworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Local Development Frameworks - Essay Example This is often done through a system based on a simplified policy hierarchy, which includes a system that gives priority to higher-quality development. Structure plans, local plans, and unitary development plans are often replaced by local development frameworks prepared by district and unitary authorities (Carmona and Gallent, p. 32). The Local Development Framework is a separate but complimentary folder of planning documents (Kerrier, 2006). It sets out the social, economic, and environmental objectives for a specific area, drawing heavily on the community strategies, which local authorities and their partners have prepared. With land, the LDF sets out strategies for achieving these objectives. There are other related strategies, which the content of LDF takes into account, and it is through the strategies and spending program, which becomes an aspect of the vision and objectives of the LDF (ibid). The right amount of new development of the right type is set out by the Local Development Framework. Policies are laid down in order to set out the criteria that development proposals are assessed against. Developmental Management Policies are the policies included in the LDF in testing proposals that ensue through the planning application process. LDF provides a context on how development is seen to contribute to sustainable development within the surrounding area for everybody's benefit. Local Development Frameworks have a key faci... varieties of forms that partnership between developers and LDF can be undertaken, and the roles that LDF can take may vary (Keeping and Shiers, 2004, p. 33). Planning allocation is one area considered pertinent in urban regeneration and development potential and value greatly affects development land allocation. At this very early stage, a partnership between the LDF and real estate developers can be adopted while mutual benefits are laid down (Keeping and Shiers, 2004). In terms of real estate development process, it must be noted that the production of housing targets starts at the regional level, where policy guidance is produced by regional planning conferences along with the regional government offices. Public comment is gathered and an Examination in Public tests the guidance in which participants are invited to give comments on it in the presence of an independent Chair. With the regional bodies directing the process, it may be inferred that this system is less "top-down" and is certainly more inclusive. Regional assemblies link directly with the Local Development Frameworks, which are subsequently produced by local planning authorities (Ratcliffe, 2001, p. 536). It must also be considered that there are different systems of development control but a major theme runs through all these systems. Each of these systems attempts to find a balance between certainty and flexibility in decision-making. There is said to be a growing importance of pre-application discussions and a corresponding need to keep the planning policies based on LDF more up-to-date. Moreover, transaction costs of development control must be decreased and shifted to an earlier stage in the process (Buitelaar, 2007, p. 165). The Roles of Local Development Frameworks in the Real Estate

Economics of race and gender questions Assignment

Economics of race and gender questions - Assignment Example This is an acronym for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. It is a welfare program that is funded by the States and Federal government. It was deigned to support for families that fall in the low-income bracket and they have children. This is an acronym for Family and Medical Leave Act. This particular program gives employees who qualify the opportunity to go on an unpaid leave for specified reasons (medical or family) while the coverage of health insurance continues with identical terms and conditions. 2. Write a detailed summary of any two group presentations done in class beside the one you were involved as a member. We need the title, the main points of presentations and the conclusion relating to Economics of Race and Gender in US and the global Economy. ( 20points) Activities and changes that took place during this period. Not much information regarding the different roles is recorded during this period. This has been attributed to population pressure, ease in feeding livestock and religious reasons. The character that depicts the District Attorney’s wife who is Caucasian gets frightened from a street episode with a locksmith who is Mexican-American and has her door-locks changed and assumes she’ll be attacked by the locksmith later. This happens in the first scene where a Muslim man attempts to purchase a gun. The Caucasian store owner showcases negative attitude to him on account of his religion and the persistent stereotypes that are associated with being a

Behaviour Organisational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Behaviour Organisational - Essay Example The margin of error was close to zero and thus demanded immaculate precision. Area Director was given complete autonomy to carry out the task but the situation was filled with tremendous amount of unknown variables. To counter these variables he wanted a team that would cooperate with him in giving shape to his vision. With no employee data to help him select a team, Area Director had to take special permission to induct outsiders in this project. To complete his team he sought help from the headquarters who came up with few options, from which Area Director selected two more members. In this way he completed his team and used it to get this magnanimous task done. His team-mates have a very high opinion regarding his leadership style, and their responses regarding his leadership help us to conclude that Area Director is amongst the small coterie of gifted leaders. Introduction: Leadership can be defined as the ability of a person to communicate a group in such a manner that his commu nicated words motivate and encourage every individual in the group to accomplish the tasks which they never thought of accomplishing (Vaill, 1989). Thus by undertaking this form of communication the presumed leader is inspiring a change in his group. He is motivating his group to embrace the change and work towards the accomplishment of a single vision (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2008). The duty to articulate a unifying vision lies with the leader. Although, many people consider leadership as synonymous to management, which is unfortunately wrong. Similarly, a manager is also different from a leader in several ways. His job is to deal with complexities, implement the vision and strategies provided by the leader, undertake coordination and staffing activities and handle day to day operations of the enterprise. For organizations both these individuals are important to operate optimally (Zarmansky, Jessup, Terrance, 2011). Especially in today’s fast changing world organizations as well as countries require leaders who can communicate a shared vision, challenge the status quo, inspire his surrounding environment to undergo the laborious process of change, and last but not the least go on to accomplish the goals which the leader set out in his vision (Yammarino, 2003). To complement the role played by a leader, a manger is required who could formulate a detailed plan, create efficient organizational structure and oversee day-to-day operations (Wentz, 1999). People have long been in the hunt to discern traits which can distinguish a leader from a non-leader. In this regard people have focused on trait theories of leadership (John, and Folkman, 2002). Using these theories people has classified leaders as charismatic, enthusiastic and courageous. However researches conducted on trait theories have never succeeded in isolating leadership traits. In addition to these theories people have also search for factors like personality, social, physical, or intellectual at tributes that would help in identifying a leader. After a tedious era of searching for leadership traits researchers finally came up with seven most like traits that distinguished a leader from a non-leader (Avolio, & Bass, 1987). These traits were: ambition and energy, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, high self-monitoring, job-relevant knowledge (Leader to Leader Institute, 2004). However, the failure of different

Review of CTS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Review of CTS - Assignment Example The universe of knowledge relies completely on competence and visions of the seeker that is why the state of production, reproduction or spreading of knowledge is in constant state of unrest and instability. (Milward, 2009) In the beginning Andrew provided us with the insight of university’s true meaning in diverse nations, during different eras. Differing in its Prestige, from a provider for social elite’s acculturate to a part of aristocratic culture of Rome and Greece, thus underlining the history of education as combination of social stature and contemplation. The initiative of university as a symbol of power or privilege, hidden its true ideology of universalism. As evidence the author provides us with the insight to see what the word Schole depicts, it is Greek for leisure or free time, providing the evidence for education’s aristocratic origin. He defines the position of university as a two edged sword. Where its usefulness or ideologies depends on the one who is holding its material sources, either making it a registered institution of truth, wisdom, science, excelled legitimacy and independence or a mere means of production of controlled thoughts.(Millward,2006).A system t hat turns the student into client’s or customers and classroom into mass production factories. it was not until mid of the 12th century the university assumed the form of an autonomously oriented institution. The word university was coined in middle ages (Universitas) where as studium generale was the initial term being used for Paris, Bologna Oxford etc. The distinction between these terms also highlights’ the difference between teaching and scholarship/research. However, the fundamental knowledge server role of university did not change over time. The fastidious indication of this role changed dramatically such as teaching is a dissemination of knowledge, to which students respond in conventional manner. But today’s plug and play generation wants to switch this

Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports Essay

Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports - Essay Example Surprisingly, those working hard to produce the rents are African-American athletes while the whites come out as the beneficiaries. This discourse takes an in-depth critique of Lawrence Kahn’s article and in the process evaluates facts that he outlines. The paper also separates facts from fictitious information in the article. Critique Lawrence Kahn explains that African-American athletes produce the rents benefited by white Americans. He mentions that the African-American sportspersons spent their rent on facilities, head coaches salaries, and nonrevenue sports. The football programs earn revenue from accounting profits. This also happens in the field of basketball. Evaluation of the role of NCAA appears at two levels. One extreme end is people who believe that efforts by NCAA to restrict payments to sportspeople enhance the value of sports by upholding amateurism. The other group holds that NCAA is a cartel that restricts compensation to sportsmen and women. Since its incept ion, the NCAA has been controlling the capacity for its members to access televised games. This started in 1984. This is a typical characteristic of a cartel where it prevents members from accessing and doing business with other competing firms in the industry. This is to avoid a share of the rents produced by sportsmen and women. The cartel wants to enjoy all the money. This is the reason that informed the formation of College Football Association (CFA). The behavior of NCAA towards is enough proof that it is a cartel. Cartels thrive on threats and sanctions. The NCAA threatened to expel any school and higher institution of learning that would sign a different contract following CFA’s readiness to negotiate a different and parallel contract with NBC. Threats by NCAA amounted to schools under CFA loosing on the revenue from the basketball tournament. This is total tyranny. In the modern liberal market, business associations and companies cannot thrive on threats and financial embargos. Finally, the NCAA succeeded in enjoying all the revenues generated from football television rents. The change in broadcasting rights appeared for the first time in college sports following a successful court petition by the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia. Cases in the judiciary point to the fact that indeed the NCAA is a cartel. Courts proved in 1995 that it was engaged in backroom dirty tricks to limit salaries for assistant coaches. An association existing for the welfare of members such as NCAA needs to engage making lives for their members. However, NCAA does the reverse. It is very difficult to comprehend what good is in limiting a pay for members and proudly claim to be generating a fair playground for your members. Lawrence Kahn cannot purport to justify the role of NCAA to limit compensation as efforts towards enhancing sports by maintaining amateurism. Kahn explains the value of amateurism by stating the large of members in NCAA makes it dif ficult for it to put ceilings on earnings of sportsmen and women. He holds that a possibility of NCAA failing to prevent a competitive market among players due to the high number of members is farfetched. This point by Lawrence Khan does not hold water. NCAA is cartel and members of such an association have to operate within the rules. Therefore, the rules apply to all irrespective of the size of membership.

International Law - war on terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Law - war on terrorism - Essay Example Second, the role of the Italian government in the transfer of the prisoners. Third, the role of the Italian prosecutors in indicting members of its own government and fourth, the degree to which the United States should acquiesce to the Italian prosecutors and turn over the CIA agents for trial. Dealing with the first section, it should initially be stated that the United States does have a duty to obey international law and treaties that it is a signatory to (Shaw, 2003). The fact that the United States is seen as the world's only super-power with supposedly overwhelming power (although the current Iraq debacle would put this in a problematic light) does not imply that it should ignore international laws because it can. Indeed, the very idea of "international law" was created in order to stop countries from doing what they wanted to when they had the power to do so - the prime examples being Germany and Japan during WWII. The more powerful the country, the more it should be seen to adhere to both the letter and the spirit of the law. It is with this background that the role of the United States should be seen. The United States is a signatory to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, signed in 1948. This may be seen as the overarching "treaty" (even though it is not officially one) under which international agreements under human rights have been signed and enforced since this time. The Declaration is quite specific on a number of matters that directly relate to the case of the radical Muslim cleric, most notably article 3, which states that "everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person", Article 5, which states that "no-one shall be subjected to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" and Article 6, which states that "everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law" (UN, 1948). It seems quite clear that the kidnapping of a prisoner and his transport to a country where the CIA knows that he is going to be tortured by the authorities, and indeed, the fact that he is specifically being transferred to that country in order to be tortured is a contravention of the Declaration that was signed in 1948. The United States has, more specifically, signed the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (UNICAT), which came into effect in 1987. The definition of torture according to the Convention is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from or a third person information or a confession" (United Nations, 1987). The question which arises in cases such as the one here is whether the movement of a person from one jurisdiction to another, commonly known as "rendition" within the law (Higgins, 2000). Rendition has normally occurred, at least until recently, through legal channels such as extradition, which occurs between countries or from state to state within a single country that has a federal system. The problem that appears with so-called "extraordinary rendition", which occurs without any visible legal

The Health and Safety at work Act 1974 Essay Example for Free

The Health and Safety at work Act 1974 Essay All workers have a right to work in places where risks to their health and safety are properly controlled. Health and safety is about stopping you getting hurt at work or ill through work. Your employer is responsible for health and safety, but you must help. What employers must do for you. Decide what could harm you in your job and the precautions to stop it. This is part of risk assessment in any way you can understand, explain how risks will be controlled and tell you who is responsible Consult and work with you and you health and safety representative in protecting everyone from harm and in the workplace Give you the health and safety training you need to do your job free charge. Free of charge, provide you with any equipment and protective clothing you need, and ensure it is properly looked after Provide toilets, washing facilities and drinking water Provide adequate first-aid facilities.

The Meaning And Definition Of Brand

The Meaning And Definition Of Brand Due to the intensive competitiveness between the different producers and sellers in todays contemporary world, the phenomenon of joint branding is increasing at a rapid rate. With the traditional brand extension and the various brand alliance strategies like dual branding and advertising alliance, joint branding is a way of distinguishing the products from their competitive alternatives. By utilizing, the concept of product integration whereby a single entity is branded with that of one or more entities, companies can derive the favorable outcomes for both the entities. 2.1 Meaning and Definition of Brand The concept of branding is existing for past many centuries now. It is the primary means of distinguishing the product of a single manufacturer from that of another. The term brand is a derivative of the Old Norse word brandr, which implies to burn, (Kotler, 1982). As defined by (Keller, 2009, p 17), a brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition. Technically, whenever a marketer creates a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, he or she has created a brand. Brand resembles the total experience that consumers relate to the products (Keller Lehman, 2004, p.1) in order to create and retain the monetary performance (Haigh Knowles, 2004) which results in the visibility of the brands at three different levels customer, product and financial areas (Keller Lehman, 2004). Haigh and Knowled (2004) have suggested in their theories that brands are the primary source through which the competitive products could differ. The construction of competitive superiority (Keller Lehman, 2004, p.2) could be obtained by handling the various brand channels. The significance of brands have changed in the modern world due to the global trends, for instance, the deregulation of industrial sector, the privatisation of public organisations, the establishment of independent firms, extensive utilisation of franchises and the eradication of trade barriers ( McDonald, de Chartony and Harris, 2001). Brand Equity Brand Equity is a combination of the brand assets and liabilities associated to a specific brand, its name, image, logo or symbol that appreciates or depreciates the value provided by the product to its consumers (Aaker, 1991, p.15). In simple terms, it is the added value provided to products which reflects the consumer attitude towards the brand (Kotler Keller, 2006). Appendix A lists the world top 10 brands in the year 2010. It has been observed that for products in order to gain brand equity must be associated with the name or symbol of the brand (Aaker, 1991, p.15) however, on either amending or altering the name following a joint branding activity the product value might get effected. Furthermore, Aaker (1991) suggested the assets and liabilities which effects the brand equity as brand loyalty, brand awareness, quality perception, the brand association with quality and other factors like patents, trademarks etc. 2.1.1 Brand Vs Product A product is anything that is offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want (Kotler, 1984, p.137). Therefore, a product could be a tangible good like bread, cricket bat, or vehicle; however, a Brand is wider in scope than a product, because it can have dimensions that differentiate in some way from other products designed to satisfy the same need (Gregory, 1999, p.54). These variations may be rational and tangible- released to product performance of brand- or more symbolic, emotional, and intangible-related to what the brand represents (Rosson Brooks, 2004, p.57). Developing apparent branding differences among products through branding and by developing a loyal customer franchise, marketers create value that can translate to financial profits for the firm (Bruner, 2005, p17). However the fact is the significantly low numbers of tangible assets are considered to be valuable and so is the case with the intangible assets. 2.1.2 Creating New Brand Associations By associating a brand with another entity, consumers make a pre-conceived image linking the attributes of these brands to the other entity and to every other entity and association which is in liaison with this brand (Homburg Bucerius, 2005). In a wider sense, this secondary brand knowledge is most likely to affect evaluations of a new product when consumers lack either the motivation or the ability to judge product-related concerns (Morall, 1996, p.131). In other words, when consumers either dont care much about or dont feel that they possess the knowledge to choose the appropriate brand, they may be more likely to make brand decisions on the basis of secondary considerations like what they think, feel, or know about the country from which the product came, the store in which it is sold, or some other characteristics (Shelton, 2002, p.147). Therefore, the association of brands with other brands improves customer retention, enhances service quality, influences customers perception of the brand and proves to gain an edge over the competitors (Perry Herd, 2004). According to Kumar (2004), when a specific brand is linked to any entity, it not only creates a new relationship but also it affects all the existing relationships of the brand. The basic mechanism states that the consumer is aware of the attributes of entity. When a brand is identified or linked to that entity, consumer may infer that some of the particular associations, judgments, or feelings that characterise the entity may also characterise the brand (Kumar Blomqvist, 2004, p.26). A number of different theoretical mechanisms from psychology predict this type of inference. One is cognitive consistence  [1]  , in other words, the consumers perception is, what is true for the entity, must be true for the brand. 2.2 Joint Branding According to signaling product, the combination or collaboration of two brands provides greater assurance of quality than what a single branded product provides, which should lead to higher evaluations of products and premium prices (Rao, 1999, p37). Through a brand extension strategy, a new product can become linked to an existing corporate or family brand that has its own set of associations (Swystum, 2001, p117). Further, Sinclair (2007) is of the opinion that a presentg brand could influence its relationship with other entities by getting into an association with a brand from the same industry (Sinclair, 2007). Joint branding also called Joint branding, brand bundling (Keller, 2004, p 19) or brand alliances is formed with the association of two or more brands who decides to produce a new brand and as well sells it together. Joint branding is in existence for past many decades; for instance, Betty Crocker partenered with Sunkist Growers in 1961 to profitably sell a lemon chiffon cake mix. Interest in Joint branding as a means of building brand equity has increased in recent years (Grobel Forbes, 2006, p203). For instance, the toffee candy bar produced by Hersheys Health has not only been extended into several new products-Health Sensations (bite sized candies) and Health Bits and Bits of Brickle (chocolate-covered and plain toffee baking products)-but also has been licensed to a variety of vendors, such as Dairy Queen (with its Blizzard drink), Ben and Herrys, and Blue Bunny (with its ice cream bar). Some other notable supermarket examples of Joint branding are Kellogs Pop- Tarts with Smuckers fruit filling. Yoplait Trix yogurt, and Smuckers Dove ice cream sauce. In the credit card market, Joint branding often links three brands, as in the Shell MasterCard from Citi Cards. With airlines, brand alliances can unite a host of brands, such as Star Alliance, which comprises of 16 different airlines such as United Airlines, Lufthansa, and Singapore Airlines. Although the joint branded products are into use for quite some time but surprisingly, it has a very minute quantitative observational research on the subject. Norris (1992) was the person to describe the potential benefits of the Joint Branded products. This study was then preceded by the various theoretical articles by Rao Rueckert (1994) on Joint Branded Products on signaling Perspective and the other one by Hillyer Tikoo (1995) to understand the influence of Joint branded products on brand evaluation. 2.2.1 Merits De-merits of Joint Branding The primary benefit provided by joint branding is the ability to position a product distinctively and credibly amidst the large number of multiple brands in the market industry (Norris, 1992). Joint branding can create more compelling points of difference or points of parity for the brand -or both-than otherwise might have been feasible (Hillyer Tikoo, 1995, p57). The outcome would see it producing higher number of sales in the current market and additionally opening good opportunities with new customer groups. Joint branding can reduce the cost of product introduction because it combines two well-known images, accelerating potential adoption (Levin, 1996, p87). Joint branding also may be a valuable means to learn about consumers and how other companies approach them. In poorly differentiated categories especially, joint branding may be an important means of creating a distinctive product (Desai Keller, 2002, p 136). The possible limitations of joint branding could be the risks and lack of control that arise from becoming aligned with another brand in the minds of consumers. Consumers expectations about the level of involvement and commitment with joint brands are likely to be high (Levin, 1996, p 147). Unsatisfactory performance thus could have negative repercussions for both (or all) brands (Rao, 1997). Levin, in his study further emphasizes on the fact that If the other brand has entered into a number of joint branding arrangements, there also may be a risk of overexposure that would dilute the transfer of any association. It may also result in distraction and a lack of focus on existing brands. A summarized tabulate version of the merits and de-merits of joint branding is listed in Appendix B. 2.3 Comparison of joint branding against the different branding strategies Joint branding is a long term brand alliance in which a product is identified and branded with the other brand (Levin, 1996, p7). A joint branding strategy should constitute following characteristics; the participant of the joint branding should be independent before, during and after the alliance of the joint branded product (Ohlwein Schiele, 1994). Secondly, the joint branding strategy should be implemented on a purpose by the owners of the brand (Blackett Russell, 1999). Third, the potential buyer should notice the cooperation between the two brands (Rao, 1997). Fourth, there should be incorporation of more than one brand at a single instance (Hiller Tikoo, 1995; Levin, 1996) The joint branding practically shows that there are two variations in it. The first one can be said as Vertical joint Branding often called as ingredient branding (Desai Keller, 2002, p 113), it refers to a vertical combination of products where manufacturers of different value chain steps in one product (E.g. Pepsi and Nutra Sweet; Dell and Intel). On the contrary the horizontal joint branding is characterised by producers stepping in the same value chain for the manufacturing and selling of a multi-branded product. In addition, a joint branded product may also appear in a category where both the producers are already established (Sony Ericsson Mobile phones). Joint branding strategy can become the brand extension strategy by introducing new product with the same brand name on the existing or new product category or the new product in the new product category (Desai Hoyer, 1993, p 176). The figure below represents the overlaps and differences among the joint branding and brand extension strategies. Figure 1: Joint Branding and Brand Extension (Source: Helming, Huber Leeflang, 2008) Only one single brand is involved in classical brand extensions where as joint branding includes multiple brands. Because of this difference there is no information on how customers utilise the brand attitude and association to deliver their response to the combination of two brands can be derived from the study and practice of classic brand extension (Simonin Ruth, 1998). On the other side brand extension appears much frequent in practice and corresponding literature is much sophisticated and comprehensive (Aker, 1990; John, 1998; Balachander Ghose, 2003; Volckner Sattler, 2006). Both brand extension and Joint branding strategies work on the same subject line, to strengthen the parent brand and extend the customer value perception to a new product (Aaker, 1990. P76). However, joint branding strategy can be seen as more advantageous because a second brand can contribute an additional value perception to the parent brand and itself that a parent brand cannot gather itself. In addit ion their might be some negative effects to the potential advantages caused by the combination of two brands reasoning either they dont fit or unfavorable perception among the partnering brands. Further to this the joint branding involves great complications in the operational activities because this strategy needs the alignment of interest of a minimum two associated partners. The choice on aligning requires a careful and comprehensive study of related cost and advantages levied on certain operational objective and the situational surroundings. Additional to joint branding strategy there lays few more brand aligning strategies, they are; Joint sales promotion Advertising alliance Dual branding Bundling The Joint Branding strategy can be closely related to advertising alliance approach. The primary reason to utilise the different branding strategies similar to that of joint branding strategy is the improvement of interdependent image accompanying the collaboration with complementary partner (Wernerfelt, 1988, Erdem Swait, 1999). The signaling theory explains that, the collaboration of two brands assures the customer with greater product quality that in turn provides higher evaluations and premium prices (Rao, 1999). However, joint branding strategy is the only approach where a single product collaborates with two or more brands (Wernerfelt, 1988, p 36). Even though the new brand alliance strategy may not contain the severe unfavorable spillover effects and less difficulty but they may not involve such strong benefits as the joint branding strategy. The table below shows the differences between the joint branding strategy and other strategies. This table demonstrates that the joint branding and brand extension strategies are very similar where as the other strategies are completely different. Table 1: Branding Strategy and their distinction from Joint Branding Strategy Example Characteristic Difference from Joint branding Relevant Literature Product Bundling Vobis Hardware, software and services for PCs Combined offer from two or more goods in a package with one total price No simultaneous branding of a single physical product by two brands Gaeth, 1990; Yadav, 1994; Stremersch Tellis, 2002. Advertising alliance Wasa (bread) Due Darfst (diet butter) Simultaneous mention of different supplier of different products in one advertisement Berndt, 1985; Schroter Waschek, 1996; Bergen John, 1997; Samu, 1999 Joint sales promotion Reebok (sports outfit) and Pepsi (soft drink) Timely, limited appearance of two independent brands in promotional activities Varadarajan, 1985; Varadarajan, 1986; Palupski Bohmann, 1994. Dual Branding Burger king (fast food) Shell (Gas station) Common usage of store location (shop in shop concept) Levin, 1996; Levin Levin, 2000. Brand Extension Boss Brand transfer from cloths to perfume Extension of brand to a new product in either a new or an existing product category Equals joint branding , if new product is branded by two brands simultaneously Aaker Keller, 1990; Balachander Ghose, 2003; Volckner Sattler, 2006. 2.3.1 Joint Branding and its Effectiveness Different theories were propagated to gain an understanding on the efficiency of joint-branding when compared with various other brand extension strategies. Below listed is a brief description on these theories: Concept Combination Theory: This was propounded by Park, Jun and Shocker in the year 1996. In this theory, the researchers have observed the evolution and usefulness of combined brand partnerships. A combined brand is described to be the outcome of aligning two significant brands. The findings were based on the influence on perception of the consumer towards the new composite brand resulting from the earlier perceptions of the combining brands. The concept combination procedure enlisted evaluating two self sufficient concepts which are to form a new concept (Wisniewski, 1996). According to Park, Jun and Schocker (1996) a composite joint brand comprises of at least one parent brand and one modifier brand, each of which are determined according to their position in the composite brand. As per the concept combination theory, a set of core attributes in a concept is the most essential and salient set of attributes for understanding a concept (Eysenck and Keanne 1990), and it is difficult to change when the concept is combined with others. b) Signaling Theory: This theory was utilized by various realists (Rao, Qu Ruekert, 1999; Rao and Rueker1994; Washburn, Till, and Priluck 2000) in order to evaluate and assess the creation of joint branding and its usefulness. As stated by Spence (1974), signaling could be observed when the observer takes actions to communicate data and information to the ones who are ignorant of it, in order to facilitate their decision making. By utilizing this theory, Washburn, Trill Priluck (2000) had studied the effects of joint branding on the brand equity of the partnering brands. The four components  [2]  of the brand equity were evaluated based on the changing perception of the consumers. c) Assimilation and Contrast Theory: Levin (2002) has engaged social judgment theory in investigating the impact of joint branding. According to the social judgment theory (Shrif Hovland, 1961), judgments towards a stimulus are affected by the context within which it is evaluated. Furthermore, Sherman (1978, p107) states a stimulus is judged not only by its own features but also by the other stimulus that are present concurrently. Based on the occurrence of a stimuli the contexts are classified into contrast and assimilation effects (Meyers-Levy and Sternthal 1993). 2.3.2 Direct Effects Considering the empirical theories of Rao Rueckert (1994) and Rao (1997), Rao (1999), an in depth study of Joint Branded products from signaling perspective, whereby they show that the customers evaluates the brand qualitativeness better in relation to unidentifiable characteristics where a particular brand is collaborated with another brand which is presumed to be at risk of consumers acceptance. The combined outcome of the dual branding nature, joint branded products offers a better quality signal when compared with mono branded products. Levin (1996) findings displayed that matching a reputed brand name with an non reputable or slightly known host brands improves consumers product evaluations than adding a non reputable brand. Thus, it could be concluded that consumers brand awareness on the partner brands has a positive direct effect (Rao, 1997, p 118). Fang and Mishra (2002) also supported this claim, stating that consumer perception of a non reputed brand enhances when combined with a reputed, good quality associate; and Voss Tansuhaj (1999), proves that consumer evaluation of a joint branded products improves if a well known domestic brand is incorporated with unknown foreign brand partner. Vaidyanathan Aggarwal (2000) has also analyzed joint branded products formed by a well known national brand and an unknown private brand, and found that a joint branded products received positive valuation if it is incorporated with a well known ingredient brand. By differentiating a joint brand product as having either an unknown branded element or a reputed brand, Desai Keller (2002) clarifies the extended effect of the host brand. With the extension which transforms the intensity of a prevailing product feature, a stabilized component facilitates early growth recognition, however a self brand ingredients results in favourable successive group expansion assessment. The brand extension which adds a whole new feature to the product would inculcate an existing component, as doing this will lead to high assessment of the original product and its preceding expansion. Park (1996) states that the positive attitude of consumer towards a brand leads to positive direct effects, and the joint branded products involving two complementary brand gains a better attribute profile in the mind of consumers than that of a direct brand extension of dominant brand or a joint branded product involving two highly favourable but uncomplimentary brand. Walchli (1996), When measuring the evaluation of joint-branded products according to the agreement of the partner brands, displays that in high associated situations, the high dissimilar or similar partner brand possess less positive evaluation that it may have in rather disimilar partner brand. This astounding result is a task of the amplification that consumers undertake to seek resolutions that are partial towards positive clarification for the inaptness (Mandler (1982)) The prior positive attitude generates the positive direct effect towards each partner brand, and also from the positive perception toward the brand and the offered product fit of the partner brand. The term fit refers for the consumer perception on congruity of both the partner brand and their offered product categories and the branding concepts (Simonin Ruth, 1998). The model of Simonin Ruth had been modified by Hadjicharalambus (2001) to gain an evidence that overall fit (i.e., the joint venture of two brands A B as a new joint brand product) effects the evaluation positively of the joint branded products, but overall the fit is influenced by the transfer fit positively, or partner brand fit with product category of the joint branded product and fit of the brand. There is a possession of synergitic effect on the high transfer fit, which generates positive direct effects. The direct link with the brand equity and the joint branded products has been stated by Washburn (1999) and W ashburn et al. (2000, 2004) , this displays that the higher brand equity of partner brand enhance the perceived brand equity of the joint branded product and thus radiates positive direct effect. The study conducted by Janiszewski Van Osselaer (2000) and Van Osselaer Janiszewski (2001) shows how the consumer predicts the products performance through brand names and product features by different training methods. As explained by Simonin Ruth (1998) and Park et al.,(1996) that joining two or more established brands improves the face value of a joint branded products because the well known ingredient of a brand gives positive direct effects. The two most recent study conducted on the direct effect of joint branding is done by Baumgrath (2003) and Huber (2005). These studies agree and support to the previous studies of Simonin Ruth (1998) and Hadjicharambouss (2001) findings. The most comprehensive study on direct effects is given by Baumgarth (2003). He had analyzed a biggest simple, the great variety of joint branded products, and the most path relationship. He also states that advertising has a relevantly great importance in terms of evaluating the joint branded products. Huber (2005) proved evidently that involvement of product and orientation of consumers brand influences the success of joint branded product. The comparison of brand extension and joint branding studys displays some interesting similarities and differences. The requirement of fit in a high degree in a brand and the product extension is the main factor of success for brand extension, high involvement of parent brand, acceptance from the market and retailer (Volckner Sattler, 2006). The success of joint branded product is influenced by the transfer fit and support from market, but it carries much significance obtained from the product fit and the partner brand. This is because the joint branding introduces the new evaluation dimensions, unlike the brand extension. The collaborating concept of joining two or more brand from a single product to a joint branded product can achieve much benefits of that it may not achieve from its own. This finding is supported by Park et al (1996). The experimental test conducted shows that a joint branded product is assumed much favorable than that of the direct brand extension in the parent brands product category The literature of joint branding still need to analyze the addition factor of success of brand extension, like retailer acceptance and parent brand involvement. The table 2 below shows the relevance of relationship from the brand extension that may serve as a potential factor of success for joint branded product. Such combination can be considered for further research. TABLE 2; Succes Factors for Direct effects Success factors for direct effects A Joint branded product is more successful if.. source Relative Importance Characteristics of constituent brands/products Awareness brand awareness of the constituent brand is high Levin et al. (1996) Fang and Mishra(2002) Voss and Tansuhaj(1999) Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal(2000) Desai and Keller(2002) Medium Quality the perceived quality of the constituent brands is high Rao et al. (1999) McCarthy and Norris (1999) Park et al. (1996) Simonin and Ruth (1998) Janiszewski and van Osselaer (2000) van Osselaer and Janiszewski (2001) Baumgarth (2003) Lafferty et al. (2004) Huber (2005) High Brand equity the brand equity of the Constituent brands is high Washburn (1999) Washburn et al. (2000; 2004) High Characteristics of Joint Branded product Advertising the evaluation of advertising campaigns with regard to the joint branded product is positive. Baumgarth (2003) HIgh Retail Acceptance retailer acceptance is high Volckner and Sattler (2006) NA Fit constituent brands/products Degree of Complimentariness the constituent brands are highly complimentary regarding an attitudeof the joint branded product Park et al. (1996) Medium Brand fit Brand fit of the constituents brand is high Simonin and Ruth (1998) Baumgarth (2003) High Product fit Product fit of the product categories of constituents brandsis high Simonin and Ruth (1998) Baumgarth (2003) Huber (2005) HIgh Incongruence Partner brands are moderately incongruent under high involvement conditions. Walchi (1996) Medium Fit constituent brands with Joint branded product Fit of constituents brands and Joint branded product The fit between the brands and the joint branded product is high Hadjicharalambous(2001 Baumgarth (2003)) HIgh Person specific variables Product involvement Involvement with the product category of the cobranded product is high Huber(2005) Medium Brand Orientation Brand orientation is high Huber(2005) Low Constituent brand involvement Constituent brand involvement is high Volckner and Sattler (2006) NA (Source: Helming, Huber Leeflang, 2008) 2.3.3 Spillover Effects Studies on joint branding that delivers spill-over effect are scarce. A structural equation model has been developed by Simonin Ruth (1998) that displays consumers attitude towards the joint branded product, influencing positive attitude towards each partner brand. These authors have also proved that the brand that are less familiar in the market gains weak impact on the consumer attitude by the joint branded product (Lafferty, 2004). Baumgrath (2003) states that, great brand stability has less image erosion due to unfavourable extension, which may deliver weak spill over effect. Joint branded products may increase evaluation of an unknown brand if those unknown brand are joint with well known brand. A joint branded product which has two high equity partners can get a win-win potential, which can lead to great spill over effect. Brands with low brand equity gain the higher benefit from the joint branding and that carrying high brand equity does not suffer down grading of reputation, even if they are joined with a lower equity partner (Washburn, 1999; Washburn et al. 2000; 2004). Vaidyanathan Aggarwal (2000) states that the brand equity of a national brand does not decrease if collaborated with the unknown private brand. Musante (2000) finds that a joint branded products improves its evaluation if it cooperates with the second brand which is perceived to be higher in that dimension. Table 3; Success factor for spill over effects Success factor for spill Spill over effect on one/both brand(s) Source over effect are stronger more positive if.. Characteristics of constituent brand(s) Brand Awareness Brand awareness of one of the constituent brand is high Voss Tanssuhaj (1999) Brand Personality/attitude The brand personality of one of the constituent brand is positive Musante (2000) Brand Equity The brand equity of one of the constituent brands is high Washburn (1999); Vaidyanath Aggarwal (2000); Washburn (2000; 2004) Brand Familiarity The brand familiarity of the constituent brand is low Simonin Ruth (1998) Brand stability The brand stability of the constituent brands is low Baumgarth(2003) Success factor for Spill over effect Spill over effect on one/both brand(s) are stronger /more positive if.. Source Charac

Pepsi Co History and Company Analysis

Pepsi Co History and Company Analysis Pepsi Co Inc. has established itself as a dominant snack food and soft drink distributor with its PepsiCo North America, Pepsi Co International, Frito-Lay, and Quaker Oats segments. (Refer to exhibit 1) In 2007, PepsiCo became the worlds largest snack and beverage seller bringing in revenues of more than $39.5 billion and with its Frito-Lay merger brands accounting for 29 percent of the companys total revenues and 36 percent of the companys operating profits. The company emphasizes maintaining spectacular performance operations that were accomplished thorough strategies aimed at product innovation, creating and sustaining close relationships with distributors, international growth, and beneficial acquisitions. The company sported an impressive business portfolio in 2008 which included its brands such as Pepsi soft drink products, Frito-Lay, Quaker Oats products, Doritos, Gatorade, Tropicana, SoBe, Lipton Brisk tea, Propel, Hickory Sticks, SunChips Multigrain snacks, Aquafina, the acq uisition of Pizza Hutt, Gatorade, and several other consumer goods. The PepsiCo International division is an ever-growing sector in emerging markets such as Russia, The Middle East, China, and Turkey. The company grew by 9 percent in 2007 with volume gains and acquisitions that allowed the company to attain a 22 percent increase in division revenues and 15 percent increase in operating profits. (Gamble 433) The Quaker Oats division attained 2007 sales of $1.8 billion, and held a 58 percent market share in its North America division since 2006 (Gamble 435). PepsiCo has successfully diversified itself with different product lines and methods to improve those product lines so that they ensure customer satisfaction. The company has developed a diversification strategy that is executed through acquisitions of similar or complimentary products. Expanding into these markets not only creates consumer satisfaction, but increases shareholder value as well. With well established, diverse markets PepsiCo has secured business affiliations that benefit the company and allow it to compete better than they would alone. Since 2008, they have focused on new product innovations that addressed consumer health and wellness concerns. PepsiCo has diversified into a multi-business corporations, offering products through their four main business segments; PepsiCo North America, PepsiCo International, Frito-Lay, and Quaker Foods North America. Refer to exhibit 1 to see a complete list of products PepsiCo has been able to offer through their diversification stra tegy. A key competitive strength of PepsiCo is that it has close relationships and partnerships with distributors. PepsiCo has also established successful strategic acquisitions and continues its expansion into profitable markets. The company has adjusted its product innovation to create healthier products in response to consumer demands, thus creating better consumer value and a higher rate of return. The company capitalizes on its consumer research and development which helps it to apply strategies such as the Power of One strategy which increases the opportunity for consumers to purchase more than one PepsiCo and Frito-Lay product at a time on each visit. Dominant corporate strategies that support their many acquisitions of well know products have led to diversification of the company. Products are customized to suit the consumers preferences; for example, the company has designed their product tastes to country specific satisfaction. Because PepsiCo has created and maintained strong br and loyalty with its consumers, it continues to possess a significantly large portion of the food and beverage market shares.   The companys business units have been able to successfully cut costs. Frito-Lay and Quaker had savings of   $40 million for their joint distribution and Quaker Oats saved $ 160 million in innovative packing materials and sharing specific product ingredients. The company also redesigned their shipping methods to reduce stock-outs in retail stores.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many ways companies try to maximize the value of their shareholders.   Some of the strategies that CEOs of companies may use to maximize the value of their shareholders are reducing company costs while at the same time maintaining a stable revenue levels. Another way that companies maximize shareholder wealth is by partaking in acquisitions of companies. Acquirin companies however is an often risky business venture for a company to undertake. PepsiCo is an example of how acquiring various business ventures in turn benefited the shareholders of the company. The various acquisitions that PepsiCo partook in had a gross value of two billion nine hundred and twenty two dollars. This increased the revenues of PepsiCo substantially by a twenty billion dollar increase from 2000 to 2007.   This increase in revenues being brought in, in turn increases the value of the issued stock. You can see the gradual increase in the price of commo n stock in exhibit ____.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A strong driving factor in the maximization of shareholder value is the CEO Indra Nooyi. Her tenure as an employee of PepsiCo has yielded only improvements for the company as a whole. She was seen as a negotiator and involved in many of the acquisitions that were very profitable for PepsiCo. She built her reputation with various acquisitions such as the Tropicana acquisition in 1998 and the 2001 acquisition of Quaker Oats. She also spearheaded the public offering of Pepsis bottling operations. The hard work of Nooyi at PepsiCo has made the company a multi-billion dollar company. Bringing in the substantial additional revenue increased PepsiCos net worth which also made the stock of Pepsi rise in value also which is beneficial for those who invested good deals of money in this company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PepsiCo appeared to always have a handle on their revenues and knows at what levels to price their goods at as to not lose customers base. Looking at their financial summary, exhibit ___ you will notice that from 1998 to 2007 there has been a steady increase in the revenues brought in which affects the value of the shares of common stock as well that are increasing at a corresponding rate.   Pepsi Co has proved to be a company that truly does have the resources to remain a leader in the carbonated beverage industry. Even when Coca-Cola tried to be the leader in the carbonated beverage market holding a little more than forty percent of the market shares, PepsiCo held a little over 30 percent of the market shares.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at Exhibit ____ you will see the break down of PepsiCos net cash provided by operating activities. You will notice that they have a decent amount of Management operating cash flows that can be disbursed or used for benefit of the company. Part of the managers operating cash flows could be used to try and acquire more food or beverage products that would make their product base more diverse. They could also use part of the money to put towards having Pepsi or Tropicana products served in new restaurant chains. PepsiCo clearly have a surplus of money from operating activities that could be put toward their Research and development team so that they can improve the products that they are already have. Another way they could disperse their managements cash flow is by looking to acquire or merge with a manufacturer of candy or a sweet of some sort. PepsiCo is well versed in the variety of snack foods that they offer when it comes to sal ty snack spending the time and money to find a sweet snack would benefit them. This would in turn would bring in more money to Pepsi and increase their stock prices which would in turn increase the value of their shareholders. If a sweet snack was added to Pepsis line of products it would compliment the notion of wanting to eat something sweet after you eat something salty, and vise versa. This would bring in more revenue which in turn would give PepsiCo more operating cash flows to work with n the future and become a very powerful company. We do not recommend PepsiCo to divest any Quaker brands since the acquisition provided PepsiCo a stable platform to enter the health foods and isotonic beverage market. PepsiCos portfolio is established in 2011 with a good mix of carbonated beverages, isotonic beverages, fruit flavored beverages, fruit juices, salty and savory snacks, cereals and other health foods and drinks. (Refer to exhibit __ If they were to divest any Quaker Oats brands. PepsiCo could harm its portfolio and decrease its shareholder value, lower stock prices and lower economies of scale. Also, it is possible that the brand could be acquired by another company and pose as a threat to PepsiCo. We recommend PepsiCo to acquire or form a merger with RedBull. Red Bull holds a 70 percent share of the world market for energy drinks, or functional beverages, a category it was largely responsible for building (Red Bull GMBH). The biggest isotonic beverage brand Gatorade is already under PepsiCo. Adding Red Bull to their portfolio would create higher shareholder value and increase revenues. The volume share for energy drinks on the PepsiCo portfolio was only 1% in 2007. We believe that there is great potential for an increase if Red Bull is acquired or merged with. Also, with PepsiCos strategy of better-for-you and good-for-you products, PepsiCo could encourage Red Bull manufacturers to use different types of healthier sweeteners which would increase sales and publicity for Red Bull and PepsiCos health awareness. Having Red Bull on their portfolio of products would also give PepsiCo a better market share and add value to the brand for appealing to various consumer demands. Refer to exhibit___ to see PepsiCos current market share.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PepsiCos current portfolio has a wide variety of snacks, beverages, and cereal catering to all types of demands including health conscious consumers. Refer to exhibit 1 to see a full list of PepsoCos snacks,   beverage and Quaker Oats Brands. We recommend PepsiCo to acquire or merge with a candy company to add a different product to their portfolio. Mars Incorporated, has strong brands such as Mars, Snickers, MMs, Whiskas, Uncle Bens, Dove, Extra, Orbit, Flavia, Pedigree, and Royal Cannin on their portfolio. A merger or acquisition with Mars incorporated would give PepsiCo a wide variety and add to their existing brands which will make them achieve greater economies of scale. Through such a merger or acquisition, PepsiCo will be able to cater to the consumer population that they are unable to reach with their existing products. They will also be able to cater to consumers with pets with popular brands like Pedigree and Royal Cannin that are a part of Mars Incorporated.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The corporate strategy recommended for PepsiCo is the Best Cost Provider Strategy. The essence of a best cost provider strategy is giving customers more value for the money by satifsying buyer desires for appealing features/performance/quality service and charging a lower price for these attributes compared to rivals with similar caliber product offerings (Gamble111). We recommend PepsiCo to implement this strategy into their business by cutting costs and lowering prices to cater to those who enjoy PepsiCo products but are not able to afford them any longer due to the current recession. Also offering those products at a lower price will give them a competitive edge against Coca Cola which is one of their biggest rivals. In order for the Best Cost Provider Strategy to work, a company must have the capability to incorporate attractive or upscale attributes at a lower cost than rivals (Gamble111). PepsiCo has the capability to out compete Coca Cola by focusing on their core competencies through the value chain and by eliminating costs that do not add value. In addition to the recommendations above, we also recommend PepsiCo to focus more on their Good-for-you and Better-for-you products. With an increasing population of health conscious citizens, PepsiCo should enter a line of Organic ready to eat products and beverages apart from the Naked Juice products. Quaker Oats brand is already known for healthy food like oatmeal, cereals, granola bars, and etcetra. We recommend PepsiCo to focus more attention to ready made, ready to eat foods like noodles, organic tv dinners, and quick organic lunch options. EXHIBIT 1 Breakfast Bars/Granola Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Chewy Granola Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Dipps Granola Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Fruit Oatmeal Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Fruit Oatmeal Toastables  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal-to-Go Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Squares Coffee Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Starbucks Doubleshot  Ã‚ ² Starbucks Frappuccino  Ã‚ ² Starbucks Iced Coffee Energy Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Amp Energy Energy Drinks  Ã‚ ² No Fear Energy Drinks  Ã‚ ² SoBe Energy Drinks Tea/Lemonade:  Ã‚ ² Brisk  Ã‚ ² Lipton Iced Tea  Ã‚ ² Lipton PureLeaf  Ã‚ ² SoBe Tea  Ã‚ ² Tazo Tea Juice/Juice Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Amp Energy Juice  Ã‚ ² Dole Juice/ Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² Dole Plus Fortified Juices  Ã‚ ² Dole Sensation Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² IZZE Sparkling Juice  Ã‚ ² Ocean Spray Juice/Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² Naked Juice  Ã‚ ² SoBe Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² SoBe Lean Diet Juice Drink  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Trop50 Beverages  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Pure Premium Juices  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Twister Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Tropics Oatmeal/Cereals:  Ã‚ ² Capn Crunch Cereal  Ã‚ ² King Vitaman Cereal  Ã‚ ² Kretschmer Toasted Wheat Germ  Ã‚ ² Life Cereal  Ã‚ ² Mothers Ready-to-Eat Hot Cereals  Ã‚ ² Quaker Essentials  Ã‚ ² Quaker Grits  Ã‚ ² Quaker Instant Oatmeal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Natural Granola Cereal Oatmeal/Cereals Cont:  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal Breakfast Squares  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal-to-Go  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oh!s Cereal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Puffed Rice  Ã‚ ² Quaker Shredded Wheat Cereal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Squares Cereal  Ã‚ ² Quisp Cereal Other:  Ã‚ ² Amp Energy Gum  Ã‚ ² Aunt Jemima Mixes Syrups  Ã‚ ² Quaker Baking Mixes Rice Snacks:  Ã‚ ² Quaker Large Rice Cakes  Ã‚ ² Quaker Mini Delights  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Rice Snacks  Ã‚ ² Quaker Tortillaz  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Fiber Crisps Side Dishes:  Ã‚ ² Near East Side Dishes  Ã‚ ² Pasta Roni Side Dishes  Ã‚ ² Rice-A-Roni Side Dishes Snacks:  Ã‚ ² Baked! Doritos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² Baked! Lays Potato Crisps  Ã‚ ² Baked! Ruffles Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Baked! Tostitos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² Baken-ets Pork Skins and Cracklins  Ã‚ ² Cheetos Snacks  Ã‚ ² Chesters Popcorn  Ã‚ ² Cracker Jack Candy Coated Popcorn  Ã‚ ² Doritos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² El Isleno Plantain Chips  Ã‚ ² Frito-Lay, Fritos and Cheetos Snack Crackers  Ã‚ ² Frito-Lay, Fritos and Tostitos Dips Salsas  Ã‚ ² Frito-Lay Nuts Seeds  Ã‚ ² Fritos Corn Chips  Ã‚ ² Funyons Onion Flavored Rings  Ã‚ ² Gamesa Cookies and Wafers  Ã‚ ² Grandmas Cookies  Ã‚ ² Hickory Sticks  Ã‚ ² Hostess Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Lays Kettle Cooked Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Lays Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Lays Stax Potato Crisps Snacks Cont:  Ã‚ ² Matador Meat Snacks  Ã‚ ² Maui Style Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Miss Vickys Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Munchies Snack Mix  Ã‚ ² Munchos Potato Crisps  Ã‚ ² Natural Cheetos  Ã‚ ² Natural Lays  Ã‚ ² Natural Tostitos  Ã‚ ² Quaker Soy Crisps  Ã‚ ² Quaker Quakes  Ã‚ ² Rold Gold Pretzels  Ã‚ ² Ruffles Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Sabritones Puffed Wheat Snacks  Ã‚ ² Santitas Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² Smartfood Popcorn  Ã‚ ² Spitz  Ã‚ ² Stacys  Ã‚ ² SunChips Multigrain Snacks  Ã‚ ² Tostitos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² TrueNorth  Ã‚ ² Wavy Lays Potato Chips Soft Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Diet Pepsi  Ã‚ ² Diet Mountain Dew  Ã‚ ² Diet Sierra Mist  Ã‚ ² Mountain Dew  Ã‚ ² Mug Soft Drinks  Ã‚ ² Pepsi  Ã‚ ² Sierra Mist Sports Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Gatorade Prime 01  Ã‚ ² Gatorade Thirst Quencher Perform 02  Ã‚ ² G2 Perform 02  Ã‚ ² Gatorade Recover 03 Water:  Ã‚ ² Aquafina  Ã‚ ² Aquafina FlavorSplash  Ã‚ ² Aquafina Sparkling  Ã‚ ² Ethos Water  Ã‚ ² Propel Vitamin Enhanced Water Beverage  Ã‚ ² SoBe Lifewater Vitamin Enhanced Water Beverage EXHIBIT 2 PEPSICO TIMELINE 1965 PepsiCo, Inc. is founded (Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay) The new company reports sales of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $510 million and has 19,000 employees. 1966 Doritos brand tortilla chips are introduced. Pepsi enters Japan and Eastern Europe 1968 Growth through acquisition 1970 PepsiCo sales pass the $1 billion mark. The company has 36,000 employees.. Pepsi is the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. 1974 PepsiCo sales pass the $2 billion mark. Pepsi-Cola becomes the first American consumer product to be produced, marketed and sold in the former Soviet Union. 1976 Pepsi-Cola becomes the single largest selling soft drink brand sold in U.S. supermarkets. 1977 Acquisition of Pizza Hut Passes $3 billion in sales. 1978 Acquisition of Taco Bell 1984 Diet Pepsi is reformulated with 100% NutraSweet. Pepsi-Cola makes advertising history as Michael Jackson and his brothers usher in a new generation of Pepsi-Cola advertising. 1985   PepsiCo is now the largest company in the beverage industry. The company has revenues of more than $7.5 billion, more than 137,000 employees. Pepsi-Cola products are available in nearly 150 countries and territories around the world. Snack food operations are in 10 international markets. 1986 Acquisition KFC Purchases 7UP International PepsiCo is listed on the Tokyo stock exchange. 1989 PepsiCo enters top 25 of Fortune 500 ranking with sales of $15.4 billion, it is number 23. The company has more than 300,000 employees. 1992- Pepsi-Cola begins distribution of Liptons line of ready-to-drink teas nationwide. 1994 PepsiCo and Starbucks form the North American Coffee Partnership to jointly develop ready-to-drink coffee beverages. PepsiCo sales reach $30.4 billion. There are 470,000 employees worldwide, making PepsiCo the third largest employer. 1997 Frito-Lay announces plans to buy the 104-year-old snack, Cracker Jack, a candy-coated mix of popcorn and peanuts from Borden Foods Corp. 1998 PepsiCo acquires Tropicana Products 2001 Acquisition of the Quaker Oats 2002 Frito-Lay announces it is eliminating trans fats from Doritos, Tostitos, and Cheetos. 2005   Quaker Introduces Weight Control Instant Oatmeal PepsiCo Donates $2 Million to Pakistan Earthquake Victims 2006 PepsiCos brand SoBe Launches New SoBe Life Water Cold Stone Creamery announces a multi-year agreement making Pepsi its exclusive beverage supplier Frito-Lay North America signed agreement with the Alliance for a Healthier Generation for a new policy for selling foods in schools Federal Trade Commission clears PepsiCo for Naked Juice Co. purchase 2008 PepsiCos diversification strategy built into three new divisions. PepsiCo agrees to buy Bulgarias Leading Nuts and Seeds Company EXHIBIT 3- SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS WEAKNESESS OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Jakob Boehme Essay -- German Religious Mystic Religion Biography Bio

Jakob Boehme Jakob Boehme (1575-1624) was a German religious mystic from the town of Goerlitz (Zgorzelec in Polish) in Silesia, on the Polish side of the Oder river just across from eastern Germany. A cobbler by profession, he was an autodidact much influenced by Paracelsus, the Kabbala, astrology, alchemy, and the Hermetic tradition (Peuckert, 1924 101; Merkel 302-310; Hvolbel 6-17). He experienced a seminal religious epiphany in 1600, when a ray of sunlight reflected in a pewter dish catapulted him into an ecstatic vision of the Godhead as penetrating all existence, including even the Abyss of Non-being. This and other mystical experiences caused Boehme to write a series of obscure but powerful religious treatises. According to him, negativity, finitude, and suffering are essential aspects of the Deity, for it is only through the participatory activity of his creatures that God achieves full self-consciousness of his own nature. Boehme's first treatise, entitled Aurora, or Die Morgenroete im Aufgang (1612), expressed his insights in an abstruse, oracular style. This work aroused profound interest among a small circle of followers, but it also provoked the heated opposition of the authorities. After being prosecuted by the local pastor of Goerlitz, Boehme had to promise on pain of imprisonment to cease writing. This judgment he obeyed for five years, until, unable to restrain himself any longer, he began writing again in secret for private circulation among friends. The publication of his Weg zu Christo (Way to Christ) in 1623 by one of these friends led to renewed persecutions. Banished from Goerlitz, Boehme lived for a time in Dresden and on the country estates of wealthy supporters. Finally, stricken by illness in 1624, ... ...ndon: Richardson, 1764. Passages from this English translation are cited above, following the corresponding German citations. The Way to Christ. A modern translation of Boehme's Weg zu Christo (1620). Trans. W. Zeller. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. Works about Boehme: Merkel, Ingrid. "Aurora; or, The Rising Sun of Allegory: Hermetic Imagery in the Work of Jakob Boehme." Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe. Eds. I. Merkel and A. G. Debus. Washington: The Folger Shakespeare Library, 1988. 302-310. Peuckert, Will-Erich. Das Leben Jakob Boehmes. Jena: E. Dieterichs, 1924. Stoudt, John Joesph. Sunrise to Eternity: A Study in Jacob Boehme's Life and Thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957. Hvolbel, R. H. "Was Jacob Boehme a Paracelsian?" Hermetic Journal 19 (Spring 1983): 6-17. Jakob Boehme Essay -- German Religious Mystic Religion Biography Bio Jakob Boehme Jakob Boehme (1575-1624) was a German religious mystic from the town of Goerlitz (Zgorzelec in Polish) in Silesia, on the Polish side of the Oder river just across from eastern Germany. A cobbler by profession, he was an autodidact much influenced by Paracelsus, the Kabbala, astrology, alchemy, and the Hermetic tradition (Peuckert, 1924 101; Merkel 302-310; Hvolbel 6-17). He experienced a seminal religious epiphany in 1600, when a ray of sunlight reflected in a pewter dish catapulted him into an ecstatic vision of the Godhead as penetrating all existence, including even the Abyss of Non-being. This and other mystical experiences caused Boehme to write a series of obscure but powerful religious treatises. According to him, negativity, finitude, and suffering are essential aspects of the Deity, for it is only through the participatory activity of his creatures that God achieves full self-consciousness of his own nature. Boehme's first treatise, entitled Aurora, or Die Morgenroete im Aufgang (1612), expressed his insights in an abstruse, oracular style. This work aroused profound interest among a small circle of followers, but it also provoked the heated opposition of the authorities. After being prosecuted by the local pastor of Goerlitz, Boehme had to promise on pain of imprisonment to cease writing. This judgment he obeyed for five years, until, unable to restrain himself any longer, he began writing again in secret for private circulation among friends. The publication of his Weg zu Christo (Way to Christ) in 1623 by one of these friends led to renewed persecutions. Banished from Goerlitz, Boehme lived for a time in Dresden and on the country estates of wealthy supporters. Finally, stricken by illness in 1624, ... ...ndon: Richardson, 1764. Passages from this English translation are cited above, following the corresponding German citations. The Way to Christ. A modern translation of Boehme's Weg zu Christo (1620). Trans. W. Zeller. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. Works about Boehme: Merkel, Ingrid. "Aurora; or, The Rising Sun of Allegory: Hermetic Imagery in the Work of Jakob Boehme." Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe. Eds. I. Merkel and A. G. Debus. Washington: The Folger Shakespeare Library, 1988. 302-310. Peuckert, Will-Erich. Das Leben Jakob Boehmes. Jena: E. Dieterichs, 1924. Stoudt, John Joesph. Sunrise to Eternity: A Study in Jacob Boehme's Life and Thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957. Hvolbel, R. H. "Was Jacob Boehme a Paracelsian?" Hermetic Journal 19 (Spring 1983): 6-17.

I Sell My Dreams :: essays research papers

Gabriel Marquez's poem "I Sell My Dreams" is a poem that demonstrates the fulfillment and security that individuals attain through a belief; the belief in question being that of superstition. A belief in superstition helps comfort a person when in a decision. Through setting, characters, diction and syntax, Marquez develops this theme while simultaneously creating a most suitable ironic tone. Time wise there are two distinct areas, the war and post war eras. During the war, Frau stayed with a Viennese family who appeared quite superstitious; not too uncommon for a family in the war whose life could depend on weather they went out that day. The two main geographical locations, Latin America and France, are both superstition-bred countries. The initial setting of Cuba can also relate to superstition through the Spaniards view of the island as one of death during its discovery. Obviously, without characters there would be no story and no superstition, so, the characters must play a vital role in the establishment of superstition in the story. The main characters, Frau and the narrator, are opposites in the theme; Frau representing the unaffected bearer of the superstition and the narrator being the receiver of it. The narrator's comment, "Even if your dreams are false, I'll never go back,†¦Just in case.", insinuates that he continues to believe in his superstition of relying on dreams. The Viennese family was slowly taken in by Frau's prophetic dreams until they "became the sole authority of the house." Also, in the beginning, Frau seems to have been raised by a superstitious family when they heed here dreams about her brother. This indicates that her dreams may be prophetic through her own superstitious upbringing. Through diction, Marquez is able to insinuate and build a background for the narrator and a surrounding for the rest of the families involved. Through the use of older, more Latin American based words (fiesta, Rambla de los Parjos) he is able to create a looser more vulnerable feel to the story. Similarly, using syntax, his comfortable and easily read sentences add a more home-based feel to the entire story. Throughout the story, Marquez utilizes all these techniques to create an ironic backdrop to the story, keeping it from becoming an unrealistic story. For example, if there would not have been the delightful Cubans at the beginning, then the wave incident would only have been sad.

Discuss the discovery of the structure of Benzene

Benzene is a chemical compound of the hydro-carbon group. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste, formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is a closed ring of six carbon atoms connected by bonds that resonate between single and double bonds; each carbon atom is also bound to a single hydrogen atom. It is insoluble in water, but miscible in all proportions with organic solvents. Benzene itself is an excellent solvent for certain elements, such as sulphur, phosphorus, and iodine; for gums, fats, waxes, and resins; and for most simple organic chemicals.It is one of the most commonly used solvents in the organic chemical laboratory. Benzene melts at 5. 5 ° C (41. 9 ° F), boils at 80. 1 ° C (176. 2 ° F), and has a relative density of 0. 88 at 20 ° C (68 ° F). It is widely regarded as carcinogenic and, if inhaled in large quantities, is poisonous. The vapors are explosive, and the liquid violently flammable. Many compounds, such as nitrobenzene, are obt ained from benzene. Benzene is also used in the manufacture of drugs and in the production of important derivatives, such as aniline and phenol (see Hogben, Lancelot.Science for the Citizen: A Self-Educator Based on the Social Background of Scientific Discovery, 1999). Benzene and its derivatives are included in the important chemical group known as aromatic compounds. II. Discussion Benzene is only slightly soluble in water, but can be mixed in all proportions with acetone, alcohol, ether, or glacial acetic acid. It burns with a smoky flame. The vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, and has been used in parts of the world as a motor fuel.At one time, most benzene was obtained from tars and gases produced during the making of coke for the iron and steel industry. Now, however, much of the world’s supply of benzene is obtained by the refining of petroleum. Moreover, the benzene molecule is believed to be shaped like a ring, rather than like a cube or a chain as are other hydrocarbon molecules. The theory of the benzene ring is an important principle in organic chemistry. The aromatic series of hydrocarbons are compounds containing benzene ring.The theory of the structure of the benzene molecule was first stated by the German chemist August Kekuke in 1865. He suggested that the six carbon atoms of benzene were arranged in a hexagonal ring, with each of the six hydrogen atoms attached to one of the carbon atoms. Since each carbon atom has a valence of 4, alternate carbon atoms share two valence bonds in the benzene ring (see Aftalion, Fred and Benfey,Otto Theodor. A History of the International Chemical Industry, 2000).Pure benzene burns with a smoky flame because of its high carbon content. When mixed with a large proportion of petrol it makes a satisfactory fuel. In Europe benzene mixed with some methylbenzene and other related compounds has long been added to motor fuels. The wisdom of this in the face of benzene's carcinogenic qualities has only r ecently been addressed as a concern. Benzene was discovered in 1825 by the English scientist Michael Faraday, and in 1842 it was made available in large quantities after it was found that coal tar contains benzene.A ton of coal, if coked in a by-product oven, yields about 7. 6 liters (2 gallons) of benzene (see Audrieth, Ludwig Frederick. Salts, Acids, and Bases: Electrolytes Stereochemistry, 2001). Large quantities of benzene are now obtained from petroleum, either by direct extraction from certain types of crude oils or by chemical treatment of petroleum (hydroforming and cyclization). III. Conclusion The structure of the benzene molecule is of the utmost importance to the theory of organic chemistry.The first to formulate the resonating ring structure described above was the German chemist Friedrich August Kekulà © von Stradonitz, in 1865. For various reasons, 20th-century theorists found difficulties with this picture and instead developed a â€Å"molecular orbital† pict ure of electrons orbiting the entire molecule rather than particular carbon atoms. In the 1980s, however, more advanced studies returned to Kekulà ©'s picture, but with the electrons in deformed orbits around their particular atoms.

Curriculum Provides An Emerging Leader Education Essay

In this class, you will develop the cognition and accomplishments of an instructional leader who besides efficaciously manages course of study and direction. The class assignments will steer you as you increase your leading abilities in the countries of course of study direction, application of province jurisprudence and local policy as they relate to curriculum and direction, and campus betterment planning. In this hebdomad ‘s assignment, you will sum up needed course of study constituents and high school graduation demands, depict the constituents of the TEA acquisition system and do suggestions for betterment, and roll up informations to get down decision-making on a learner-centered staff development session. This hebdomad, you should: identify and sum up the constituents of a state-required course of study. analyze the constituents of the TEA acquisition system and do suggestions for betterments. analyze state-generated informations and a Campus Improvement Plan for the intent of decision-making.RubricUse the following rubric to steer your work.AccomplishedProficientUnacceptablePart 1: Summary of Curriculum RequirementsClearly summarizes the demands of the Texas-mandated course of study with seven paragraphs – one for each constituent.( 3 points )Summarizes the demands of the Texas-mandated course of study. Not all seven constituents addressed.( 2 points )Does non sum up the demands of the Texas-mandated course of study.( 0 points )Part 2: TEA Learning System ComponentsEfficaciously summarizes the province and local commissariats of the TEA acquisition system.( 3 points )Summarizes the province and local commissariats of the TEA acquisition system.( 2 points )Does non sum up the province and local commissariats of the TEA acquisition system.( 0 points )Part 3: Gathering Datas for Decision MakingBrands an in-depth analysis of AEIS informations and a CIP to choose a content country and aim for a learner-centered staff development session.( 3 points )A nalyzes AEIS informations and a CIP to choose a content area/ aim for a learner-centered staff development.( 2 points )Does non analyse AEIS informations and a CIP to choose a learner-centered staff development subject.( 0 points )MechanicssFew to no mistakes in grammar, spelling or punctuation.( 1 point )Responses lack lucidity and deepness and/or multiple mistakes in grammar, spelling or punctuation.( 0 points )Week 1 Assignment: Course of study and the TEA Learning SystemPart 1: Summary of Curriculum RequirementsKnowledge of the province ‘s needed course of study provides an emerging leader with a foundation for determination devising. In this portion of the assignment, you will analyze what Texas jurisprudence says about course of study. Directions: From your Web reference box, entree the TEA Web site hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tea.state.tx.us/rules/tac/chapter074/index.html. Read and analyze the undermentioned subdivisions of the Texas Administrative Code, Title 19, Part II: 74.1 Essential Knowledge and Skills 74.2 Description of a Required Elementary Curriculum 74.3 Description of a Required Secondary Curriculum 74.4 English Language Proficiency Standards 74.62 Minimum High School Program 74.63 Recommended High School Program 74.64 Distinguished Achievement High School Program-Advanced High School Program( Note: Requirements changed as of the 2007-2008 school twelvemonth, and A §74.63 and A §74.64 reflect the new 4 ten 4 demands. )Compose a two-page sum-up of the seven constituents. Include at least one paragraph on each subdivision. Type your paper in the expandible box below.Summary of Curriculum RequirementsStudents are required to have the basic or indispensable cognition and accomplishments course of study which consist chiefly of the nucleus course of study. The bulk of the nucleus course of study consists of the rudimentss in English, Math, Science and Social Studies. Students are besides entitled to an enrichment course of study that consists of wellness and physical instruction, foreign linguistic communications, all right humanistic disciplines and categories of that nature. Elementary course of study consists of taking the same nucleus categories as mentioned before in the old paragraph. The timeframe for this goes from kindergarten to the fifth class. Secondary course of study consists of a much wider range of categories get downing with grade 6 and reasoning with the pupils ‘s graduation at the decision of their 12th grade twelvemonth. Get downing their 9th class twelvemonth, pupils must be given the chance to take four old ages English, four old ages of math and scientific discipline every bit good as World Geography, World History and US History. Government and Economics must be offered as good. Along with these nucleus categories, pupils must be given the chance to gain recognition in categories runing from wellness and engineering to any given foreign linguistic communication category. English Language Proficiency Standards require ESL pupils to be mainstreamed into categories to supply them with the least restrictive acquisition environment. The course of study is chiefly concerned with supplying pupils with the societal consciousness every bit good as the academic consciousness to be successful as an ESL pupil. The end is to supply adequate academic support to enable pupils to be successful non merely in an academic environment but besides in societal scenes every bit good. Under the Minimum High School demands, pupils must go through four old ages of English with one of the four old ages being a Research based English category. You must hold two old ages of scientific discipline and 2 and a half credits of Social Studies. A pupil must hold 5 and a half credits of electives along with 3 credits in Math. The remainder of a pupil ‘s credits are chiefly made up of half credits in engineering, wellness and economic sciences categories that must number 22 credits in order to graduate. In the Recommended Plan, pupils are required to gain 24 credits in order to graduate. The nucleus classs consist of 4 English credits every bit good as 3 credits in Science and Math. The biggest difference between this program and the minimal program is the fact that in the recommended program, pupils are merely required to obtain 3 and a half credits in elected classs. A high school pupil must besides obtain 24 credits in order to graduate with the Distinguished Plan. The demands are really similar to the old demand programs mentioned antecedently in this transition. Three Math and Science credits, four English credits, three and a half Social Studies credits and 3 Foreign Language credits make up the bulk of the nucleus demands. As with the Recommended Plan, the needed figure of elected credits goes down to 2 and a half alternatively of than 3 and a half.Part 2: TEA Learning System ComponentsIn this subdivision of the assignment, you will depict the minimal province commissariats of the six constituents of the TEA acquisition system, desirable local commissariats for each constituent, and your preliminary thoughts for betterment. Directions: Review the constituents of the TEA acquisition system in the Week 1 talk and the information you gathered in Part 1 of the assignment. As you review, think about desirable local commissariats for each constituent. See strengths and failings in local commissariats. Access the Texas Education Code at hypertext transfer protocol: //tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/statutes/ed.toc.htm and/or the Texas Administrative Code, Title 19, ( TAC ) : Part II Texas Education Agency at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tea.state.tx.us/rules/tac/index.html. Peruse these sites for more information about the TEA acquisition system constituents. Collaborate online with two co-workers to finish the tabular array on the TEA acquisition system by depicting the minimal province commissariats, desirable local commissariats for each of the six constituents, and your preliminary suggestions for betterment. Your suggestions may alter after finishing the class.TEA Learning System ComponentsCollaborator # 1: Collaborator # 2: Component Minimal State Provision Desirable Local Provision Preliminary Suggestion for Improvement Learning Goals Students need to be able to read, compose, job solve, and use high order believing accomplishments in all needed topics The pedagogues within a territory have a manus in finding what will be taught if they are chosen to be on the province panel. Current pedagogues should hold more of a pick in determing what should be taught. There is experiencing that the people who make a bulk of the determinations are disconnected from the schoolroom. The major suggestion for betterment is to allow instructors and decision makers at the local degree have more input in the scholar ends. Course of study Documents The school territory is responsible for educating all of the pupils through the alliance of course of study. The course of study must consist of the ( 4 ) nucleus topics and enrichment course of study. The province of Texas has a system in topographic point where each territory can follow its instrucrional stuffs. Each school territory will hold the flexibleness to find the procedure for choosing new instructional stuffs. The stuffs that are chosen have to be approved by the province with the exclusion of the enrichment topics. The cost will be shared by the province and the territory Some of the enrichment classs should be added to the foundation classs. In attempt to be a leader in the planetary economic system, the pupils in America need to be good rounded ; some of the enrichment classs can supply that if they are made compulsory. Instructional Program The stuff that is taught must be portion of the needed course of study. The pupils will be presented the stuff in a assortment of different scenes. The province will let the instructor to learn the stuffs in a method that is suited. The province can put criterions when covering with lab clip. The territory will do certain what is being taught is aligned with the province required course of study. The stuffs adopted by the territory will run into curriculum demands. Teachers will follow range and sequence to do certain the aims are covered for each TEK. Teachers that teach a category that requires lab use will plan lessons that allow for clip to finish assignments. The province should plan a system that allows for instructors to learn capable affair and non concentrate on province mandated trial. Staff Development Program Staff Development should use the scholar centered rule. This system relates to scholars and the acquisition procedure. The factors within the system are cognitive, metacognitive, motivational and affectional, and developmental/social/ single differences. This will use to everyone who is invested in the educational community. Districts will carry on staff development seminars that are relevant to the demands of the territory. The territory can seek the services of regional support staff or pedagogues within the territory to carry on the seminars. When staff development is conducted, develop a system where more than one seminar is conducted at the same locale. Each seminar is scheduled during clip slots which will let pedagogues to go to more than one seminar during the twenty-four hours. The pedagogue can besides take which seminar they want to go to. This will keep high involvement degree and conformity by pedagogues in each seminar. Measurement System The measuring tool is called the Academic Excellence Indicator System. This system uses the consequences from the TAKS trial, other province mandated trial, the advancement of ELL, dropout rate, completion rate and college preparedness. This study is available in the autumn of each twelvemonth. The study is divided into different classs to supply indepth information on the school staff, fundss, plans and pupils. This study focuses on answerability. The territory can utilize the AEIS systems as a measuring tool to find how the territory is executing. The territory can utilize the informations to see which bomber groups need to be targeted for betterment. The territory can besides utilize it as a rewarding system for instructors who made drastic betterments with their pupils. The system needs to be adaptable to the territories. Some territories may non hold the available resources to fix pupils for the twenty-first century. The system needs to hold a graduated table that accounts for the lacks, at the same clip keeping teacher accountable for their pupils larning. Administrative Procedures The chief focal point of this strand is the Campus Improvement Plan, which is revised annually. The end of this program is student betterment for all subgroups. The program needs to be aligned with the territory and province guidelines. The principal must besides be involved by doing certain the right classs are being offered. Each school in a territory will hold a Campus Improvement Plan that addresses the demands of their school. The principal will work with the site based commission to discourse thoughts to better the school. More instruction for pupils and staff on the new demand for high school graduation. Students need to be cognizant of the recognition demands under the Recommended and Distinguished Achievement Programs. How can understanding the constituents of the TEA acquisition system aid you in your work as an instructional leader? By understanding the constituents of the TEA acquisition system an instructional leader will hold the ability to relay the scholar ends to any individual who has an investing in the educational system. An instructional leader will be able to help in doing certain that the campus, territory, and province ends are aligned. As an instructional leader I can help in the acceptance of school instructional stuffs. I can do certain that the stuffs that are chosen are supported by the instructors and the stuffs will outdo function the pupils. I can help forces at the territory degree to do certain the course of study meets province guidelines. I can function as a liason between instructors and disposal to take relevant staff development chances. I can educate other instructor on the AEIS system and how the information aids the campus in finding what resources will outdo function our pupils. Why is of import that an instructional leader better the constituents of the TEA acquisition system? It ‘s of import that the instructional leader efforts to better the TEA acquisition system because the educational landscape is continually altering. With the usage of engineering in instruction, the system will necessitate to hold a engineering constituent. The constituents need to reflect the demand for developing twenty-first century scholars. Besides as an instructional leader, you want to try to run into the demands of the pupils, irrespective of academic background.Part 3: Gathering Datas for Decision MakingA critical accomplishment for an instructional leader is the ability to do experimental determinations. You will pattern this accomplishment as you begin work on a learner-centered staff development session. You will choose a school-ideally 1 in which you work, reexamine its AEIS information and Campus Improvement Plan ( CIP ) , and choose a content area/objective for betterment. You are non required to show the staff development during this class, but you must hold a chief O.K. your docket and set up a clip with the principal for presentation of the session. Directions: Access the 2006-07 AEIS Campus Reports at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tea.state.tx.us/perfreport/aeis/2007/campus.srch.html. Complete the signifier to choose a school and entree a campus study. Review the Academic Excellence Indicator System ( AEIS ) information, reply inquiries about the informations, and place four content countries that need betterment. Review the selected school ‘s Campus Improvement Plan ( CIP ) . Answer inquiries about the informations, and turn up two aims for each of the four content countries identified in the AEIS informations. Based on the information, take one content-area and an aim within that content country as the focal point of a learner-centered staff development session.Experimental Reflection and Decision MakingIs there anything in the AEIS or CIP informations that you do non understand? If so, what would you wish clarified? The one portion of the AEIS study that I did n't understand was the â€Å" Acct Status † label. Under that section of the study there was a class labeled â€Å" Acct System † , â€Å" Non-Acct. System † , â€Å" Mobile † , and â€Å" Non-Acct Trial † . I merely assumed that Katrina and Rita were hurricane evacuees. I would wish to derive more information on that section of the AEIS study. I besides need elucidation on how they calculated the per centum for all trial. The Numberss did n't fit the sums for the campus. What about the information surprises you? What about the informations concerns you? The Numberss that surprises and concerns me are the entire per centum for pupils who met criterions. I thought the pupils would ‘ve performed better because of the resources that the school offers. Even though pupil public presentation showed a little addition, it is still ( 20 ) per centum points below province norm. How does the information tantrum with your feelings about how the pupils at this school are making? The information is surprising because of all of the plans and chances this school territory offers. I thought the pupils would hold performed better. The school has many different resources that pupils can take advantage of to assist with TAKS aims. The school offers many after school plans, engineering related tools, and remedial resources. I think the school has so many good things that the pupils look to go involved in other activities and bury about the importance of acquiring aid with TAKS aims. Does it look to differ from what you have personally experienced? Did the pupils do every bit good as you and the school expected? The pupils typically performed good on trial that were given at the beginning of the testing agenda. As the yearss passed, pupils used more clip to take trial because they were fatigued and some pupils decided to hotfoot through the trial. Overall the pupils did make good. On the footing of the information you examined, in which countries of the course of study are pupils executing good? In the country of 9th Reading, pupils are executing at the mean province degree. Tenth grade Social Studies are executing ( 2 ) per centum points below province degree. Eleventh grade Language humanistic disciplines, pupils are executing above province degree. Eleventh grade Social Studies, pupils are executing ( 2 ) per centum points below province degree. On the footing of the information you examined, in which country ( s ) of the course of study are pupils executing ill? Why do you believe pupils are executing ill in those countries? In the country of 9th Math, pupils are executing ( 6 ) per centum points below province degree even though the pupil public presentation addition from the old twelvemonth. Tenth grade Language Arts, pupils are executing ( 6 ) per centum points below province degree. The pupils besides dropped in public presentation from the old twelvemonth. Tenth grade Math and Science showed the largest lessening in public presentation compared to province degrees. The pupil ‘s per centums were lower than the old twelvemonth. Eleventh grade Math, pupils per centums increased but tonss were still over ( 10 ) per centum points below province degree. Eleventh grade Science showed an addition in public presentation but pupils were still below province degree. Complete the following tabular array to clear up content countries and aims that need betterment. Campus: Bowie District: Arlington Principal: WilmothAEIS-Identified Content AreaClass:AEIS Data EvidenceCIP-Identified AimsContent Area # 1 English/ Language Humanistic disciplines 10th Dropped 3 % # 1 Cultivate a civilization to do profound larning through purposeful engagement cardinal. # 2 Evaluate and supply auxiliary stuffs for the direction of limited English speech production pupils in all content countries Content Area # 2 Science 10th Dropped 5 % # 1 Instructional staff is provided with ongoing staff development and collaborative preparation in Profound Learning Experiences Design and Problem Based Learning Experiences. # 2 Offer chances for redress in TAKS command Content Area # 3 Mathematicss 10th Dropped 1 % # 1 Instructional staff is provided with ongoing staff development and collaborative preparation in Profound Learning Experiences Design and Problem Based Learning Experiences. # 2 Evaluate and supply auxiliary stuffs for the direction of limited English speech production pupils in all content countries Content Area # 4 Mathematicss 11th 14 % below province norm # 1 Offer chances for redress in TAKS command # 2 Evaluate and supply auxiliary stuffs for the direction of limited English speech production pupils in all content countries Choose a content area/objective for your learner-centered staff development. To make this, reply the undermentioned inquiry: Based on the information, which content-area should be the principal ‘s highest precedence? Explain why you think so. I think Mathematicss should be the topic that deserves the most attending. It seems that as the pupils progress to the following class the per centum spread compared to the stae is going larger. The 9th class pupils showed a 5 % negative difference, 10th class pupils showed a 19 % negative difference, and 11th class showed a 14 % difference How can a leader use the AEIS to originate the development of an instructional focal point for a campus? An educational leader can utilize the AEIS informations to aim countries that need betterment. By analysing the information leaders can find which groups will necessitate particular attending. Leaderships can carry on staff development and attend workshops to turn to the shortages. The information can assist instructors concentrate on certain aims that were misunderstood. The information can besides assist different capable countries reference lacks in the stuff that is taught.